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2023/04/10
快报：浅析STM32单片机的启动文件
2023-06-12 17:25:53 来源：电子工程师联盟
今天来总结的stm32基础知识是启动文件相关。要想对是stm32单片机有个深入的理解，那么启动文件就是一个绕不过去的坎。
一、什么是启动文件
(资料图片)
简单说，启动文件是在单片机用户程序执行之前，执行的一段汇编代码。这段汇编代码是执行用户程序之前的一个准备环节。文件名以.s的格式来命名，表明其是汇编文件。启动文件，不用自己进行编写，参照一些伪指令定义，能够看得懂，在实际开发中如果涉及到一些改动，能够简单修改就可以了。
二、启动文件所讲内容概要
那么，启动文件里面主要讲的是什么内容呢？分为如下5个方面：
1.堆栈空间的定义；
2.初始化中断向量表；
3.复位中断函数（Reset_Handler）{系统初始化，然后进入main函数}；
4.中断函数的弱（WEAK）声明
5.用户栈和堆初始化
三、启动文件使用的汇编指令汇总
启动文件一般都是由汇编代码和伪指令来写的。
1、下面表格就是启动文件中出现的伪指令名称及其相关的含义。请大家参考：
2、几个名词解释
堆
堆主要用来动态内存的分配，像 malloc()函数申请的内存就在堆上面。这个在 STM32里面用的比较少
栈
栈的作用是用于局部变量，函数调用，函数形参等的开销，栈的大小不能超过内部SRAM的大小。栈的生长方向是由高地址向低地址扩展。
THUMB
THUMB：表示后面指令兼容 THUMB 指令。 THUBM 是 ARM以前的指令集， 16bit，现在 Cortex-M 系列的都使用 THUMB-2 指令集， THUMB-2 是 32 位的，兼容 16 位和 32 位的指令，是 THUMB 的超集。
中断向量表
中断向量表：把系统中所有的中断类型码及其对应的中断向量按一定的规律存放在一个区域内，这个存储区域就叫中断向量表。
四、启动文件解读
下面是我项目工程中的完整启动文件代码。按照以上5个内容分类进行展开。这里只选取我觉得比较关键的部分进行阐述，不会逐字逐句的说明。提示注意一下，汇编文件的注释是通过 “；”来开始的，不是像C语言中，是通过// 或者/***/来进行注释的。“；”在汇编文件中，也就等同于.c文件中的“//”。
1.堆栈空间的定义；
Stack_Size EQU 0x00000400 AREA STACK, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3Stack_Mem SPACE Stack_Size__initial_sp; < h > Heap Configuration; < o > Heap Size (in Bytes) < 0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8 >; < /h >Heap_Size EQU 0x00000200 AREA HEAP, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3__heap_baseHeap_Mem SPACE Heap_Size__heap_limit PRESERVE8开辟栈的大小为 0X00000400（1KB），名字为 STACK， NOINIT 即不初始化，可读可写， 8（2^3）字节对齐。
开辟堆的大小为 0X00000200（512 字节），名字为 HEAP， NOINIT 即不初始化，可读可写， 8（2^3）字节对齐。
2.初始化中断向量表；
THUMB; Vector Table Mapped to Address 0 at Reset AREA RESET, DATA, READONLY EXPORT __Vectors EXPORT __Vectors_End EXPORT __Vectors_Size__Vectors DCD __initial_sp ; Top of Stack DCD Reset_Handler ; Reset Handler DCD NMI_Handler ; NMI Handler DCD HardFault_Handler ; Hard Fault Handler DCD MemManage_Handler ; MPU Fault Handler DCD BusFault_Handler ; Bus Fault Handler DCD UsageFault_Handler ; Usage Fault Handler DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD SVC_Handler ; SVCall Handler DCD DebugMon_Handler ; Debug Monitor Handler DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD PendSV_Handler ; PendSV Handler DCD SysTick_Handler ; SysTick Handler ; External Interrupts DCD WWDG_IRQHandler ; Window WatchDog DCD PVD_IRQHandler ; PVD through EXTI Line detection DCD TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler ; Tamper and TimeStamps through the EXTI line DCD RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler ; RTC Wakeup through the EXTI line DCD FLASH_IRQHandler ; FLASH DCD RCC_IRQHandler ; RCC DCD EXTI0_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line0 DCD EXTI1_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line1 DCD EXTI2_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line2 DCD EXTI3_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line3 DCD EXTI4_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line4 DCD DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 0 DCD DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 1 DCD DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 2 DCD DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 3 DCD DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 4 DCD DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 5 DCD DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 6 DCD ADC_IRQHandler ; ADC1, ADC2 and ADC3s DCD CAN1_TX_IRQHandler ; CAN1 TX DCD CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX0 DCD CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX1 DCD CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN1 SCE DCD EXTI9_5_IRQHandler ; External Line[9:5]s DCD TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Break and TIM9 DCD TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Update and TIM10 DCD TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Trigger and Commutation and TIM11 DCD TIM1_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Capture Compare DCD TIM2_IRQHandler ; TIM2 DCD TIM3_IRQHandler ; TIM3 DCD TIM4_IRQHandler ; TIM4 DCD I2C1_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Event DCD I2C1_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Error DCD I2C2_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Event DCD I2C2_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Error DCD SPI1_IRQHandler ; SPI1 DCD SPI2_IRQHandler ; SPI2 DCD USART1_IRQHandler ; USART1 DCD USART2_IRQHandler ; USART2 DCD USART3_IRQHandler ; USART3 DCD EXTI15_10_IRQHandler ; External Line[15:10]s DCD RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler ; RTC Alarm (A and B) through EXTI Line DCD OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler ; USBOTG FS Wakeup through EXTI line DCD TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Break and TIM12 DCD TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Update and TIM13 DCD TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Trigger and Commutation and TIM14 DCD TIM8_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Capture Compare DCD DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream7 DCD FSMC_IRQHandler ; FSMC DCD SDIO_IRQHandler ; SDIO DCD TIM5_IRQHandler ; TIM5 DCD SPI3_IRQHandler ; SPI3 DCD UART4_IRQHandler ; UART4 DCD UART5_IRQHandler ; UART5 DCD TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler ; TIM6 and DAC1&2 underrun errorsDCD TIM7_IRQHandler ; TIM7 DCD DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 0 DCD DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 1 DCD DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 2 DCD DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 3 DCD DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 4 DCD ETH_IRQHandler ; EthernetDCD ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler ; Ethernet Wakeup through EXTI line DCD CAN2_TX_IRQHandler ; CAN2 TX DCD CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler ; CAN2 RX0 DCD CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN2 RX1 DCD CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN2 SCE DCD OTG_FS_IRQHandler ; USB OTG FS DCD DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 5 DCD DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 6 DCD DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 7 DCD USART6_IRQHandler ; USART6 DCD I2C3_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C3 event DCD I2C3_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C3 error DCD OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS End Point 1 Out DCD OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS End Point 1 In DCD OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS Wakeup through EXTI DCD OTG_HS_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS DCD DCMI_IRQHandler ; DCMI DCD CRYP_IRQHandler ; CRYP crypto DCD HASH_RNG_IRQHandler ; Hash and Rng DCD FPU_IRQHandler ; FPU__Vectors_End__Vectors_Size EQU __Vecto- __Vectors3.复位中断函数（Reset_Handler）{系统初始化，然后进入main函数}；
AREA |.text|, CODE, READONLY; Reset handlerReset_Handler PROC EXPORT Reset_Handler [WEAK] IMPORT SystemInit IMPORT __main LDR R0, =SystemInit BLX R0 LDR R0, =__main BX R0 ENDP4.中断函数的弱（WEAK）声明
; Dummy Exception Handlers (infinite loops which can be modified)NMI_Handler PROC EXPORT NMI_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPHardFault_Handler\\ PROC EXPORT HardFault_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPMemManage_Handler\\ PROC EXPORT MemManage_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPBusFault_Handler\\ PROC EXPORT BusFault_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPUsageFault_Handler\\ PROC EXPORT UsageFault_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPSVC_Handler PROC EXPORT SVC_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPDebugMon_Handler\\ PROC EXPORT DebugMon_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPPendSV_Handler PROC EXPORT PendSV_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPSysTick_Handler PROC EXPORT SysTick_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPDefault_Handler PROC EXPORT WWDG_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT PVD_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT FLASH_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT RCC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT ADC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN1_TX_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI9_5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM1_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C1_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C1_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C2_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C2_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT SPI1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT SPI2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT USART1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT USART2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT USART3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI15_10_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM8_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT FSMC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT SDIO_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT SPI3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT UART4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT UART5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM7_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT ETH_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN2_TX_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_FS_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT USART6_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C3_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C3_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_HS_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DCMI_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CRYP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT HASH_RNG_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT FPU_IRQHandler [WEAK]WWDG_IRQHandler PVD_IRQHandler TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler FLASH_IRQHandler RCC_IRQHandler EXTI0_IRQHandler EXTI1_IRQHandler EXTI2_IRQHandler EXTI3_IRQHandler EXTI4_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler ADC_IRQHandler CAN1_TX_IRQHandler CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler EXTI9_5_IRQHandler TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler TIM1_CC_IRQHandler TIM2_IRQHandler TIM3_IRQHandler TIM4_IRQHandler I2C1_EV_IRQHandler I2C1_ER_IRQHandler I2C2_EV_IRQHandler I2C2_ER_IRQHandler SPI1_IRQHandler SPI2_IRQHandler USART1_IRQHandler USART2_IRQHandler USART3_IRQHandler EXTI15_10_IRQHandler RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler TIM8_CC_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler FSMC_IRQHandler SDIO_IRQHandler TIM5_IRQHandler SPI3_IRQHandler UART4_IRQHandler UART5_IRQHandler TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler TIM7_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler ETH_IRQHandler ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler CAN2_TX_IRQHandler CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler OTG_FS_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler USART6_IRQHandler I2C3_EV_IRQHandler I2C3_ER_IRQHandler OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler OTG_HS_IRQHandler DCMI_IRQHandler CRYP_IRQHandler HASH_RNG_IRQHandlerFPU_IRQHandler B . ENDP ALIGN如果我们在使用某个外设的时候，开启了某个中断，但是又忘记编写配套的中断服务程序或者函数名写错，那当中断来临的时，程序就会跳转到启动文件预先写好的空的中断服务程序中，并且在这个空函数中无线循环，即程序就死在这里。这也是[weak]起到的作用。关于weak,可以网络搜索，了解一下虚函数，和这里是一个意思。
5.用户栈和堆初始化
;*******************************************************************************; User Stack and Heap initialization;******************************************************************************* IF :DEF:__MICROLIB EXPORT __initial_sp EXPORT __heap_base EXPORT __heap_limit ELSE IMPORT __use_two_region_memory EXPORT __user_initial_stackheap__user_initial_stackheap LDR R0, = Heap_Mem LDR R1, =(Stack_Mem + Stack_Size) LDR R2, = (Heap_Mem + Heap_Size) LDR R3, = Stack_Mem BX LR ALIGN ENDIF END五、理解启动文件的用途总结
1、项目整体把控
每一款芯片，如果你想使用它来做开发，那都有必要了解一下它的启动文件。通过了解，我们可以体会到处理器的架构、指令集、中断向量安排等内容，对整个片子有一个整体的认识。
2、修改堆栈
如果堆栈不够用了，可以修改他们的大小。尤其是栈，当我们需求增加，代码量自然而然就会增多。那么定义的局部变量，函数嵌套的层数必然也就会增多。这个时候就需要关注栈的大小，如果发生溢出，程序就会发生意想不到的后果。
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